UPSC Main Exam - Botany

 

CS (MAIN) EXAM:2020 BOTANY (Paper I)

Marks: 250     Time Allowed : Three Hours

SECTION ‘A’

Q1.Describe the following in about 150 words each : 

(a) Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial cell walls. 

(b) Structure and reproduction of lichens. 

(c) Heterotrichous habit in algae. 

(d) Elaters and their significance.

(e) Draw a well labelled longitudinal sectional view of the structure of mature sporogonium of Anthoceros. 

Q2.(a) Describe the life cycle of Puccinia graminis tritici with suitable sketch.

(b) Give an illustrated account of various types of stelar structures seen in Pteridophytes. 

(c) Describe lytic and lysogenic cycle of viruses. 

Q3.(a) Write the names of causal organisms, symptoms and control measures of citrus canker and late blight of potato.

(b) Compare and contrast the sporocarp of Marsilea and Salvinia.

(c) Discuss post fertilization changes with suitable diagrams in Polysiphonia. 

Q4.(a) What do you understand by International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ? Write its principles.

(b) Briefly explain anomalous secondary growth in Boerhaavia and Dracaena.

(c) Write applications of Microbiology in medicine. 

SECTION 'B'

Q5.Describe the following in about 150 words each :

(a) Plant cell, tissue and organ culture.

(b) Embryo rescue in angiosperms.

(c) Classification and importance of Polyembryony.

(d) Endosperm haustoria.

(e) Plants as source for perfumery. 

Q6.(a) What are the identifying floral features, floral formula and floral diagram of Malvaceae and Orchidaceae ? 

(b) Write botanical names and ethno-medicinal uses of three medicinally important members in each case of Solanaceae and Apiaceae. 

(c) Write botanical names and families of the plants yielding timber edible oil. 

Q7.(a) Define protoplast. Write the methods of its isolation and factors affecting their yield and viability.

(b) Describe the development of male gametophyte in angiosperms with suitable diagrams. 

(c) Compare and contrast the pattern of embryo developments in Dicots and Monocots with suitable illustrations. 

Q8.(a) Discuss the primitive features of Cycadales. Why is Ginkgo considered as living fossil ?

(b) Define somaclonal variations. How are these produced ? Explain its applications in crop improvement. 

(c) Write notes on the following : 

(i) Somatic hybrid and cybrid with their significance

(ii) Totipotency, polarity and differentiation. 

 

 

CS (MAIN) EXAM:2020 BOTANY (Paper II)

Marks: 250     Time Allowed : Three Hours

SECTION ‘A’

Q1. Write short notes on/Answer the following: 

(a) Applications of probes in Southern blotting.

(b) Nuclear pore complex and its functions.

(c) Structure and behaviour of B-chromosomes.

(d) Why are overlapping genes important ? Discuss.

(e) Describe Chi-square test and its applications in genetic study. 5+5=10 

Q2. (a) Discuss major steps in signal transduction.

(b) Describe the significance and uses of the following: 

(i) Male sterility 

(ii) Polyploidy in plant breeding

(c) Transgenic technology is a breakthrough innovation. Justify with examples. 

Q3.(a) Briefly describe two theories of Chiasma formation. Discuss whether Chiasmata are the cause or consequence of crossing-over. 

(b) What is Antisense RNA ? Explain its applications and describe the catalytic activity of RNA. 

(c) Does Z-DNA play a regulatory role ? Discuss critically. 

Q4.(a)  Explain the mode of biogenesis of peroxisomes and discuss their functions. 
(b) Name the phyto-geographical regions of India. Which are the dominant flora of the region representing the west coast of India from Kanyakumari to Satpura ranges in Gujarat ? 
(c) "Cell cycle is an ordered series of events leading to cell replication." Discuss. 

 

SECTION 'B'

Q5. Write short notes on/Answer the following : 

(a) Climacteric fruits and their advantage to fruit growers. 

(b) Metabolic energy requirement for uptake of sucrose in apoplastic pathway. 

(c) Cyanide-resistant respiration in plants. 

(d) Can Intellectual Property Rights protect and safeguard farmers' rights and interests ? 

(e) What are the causes of the rise in mean atmospheric temperature and how will it influence the climate of a region ? 

Q6.(a) Carboxylation and oxygenation compete to decrease the efficiency of photosynthesis. Discuss. 

(b) What is drought escape ? Discuss different strategies adopted by plants for drought resistance. 

(c) What is Clock hypothesis ? Justify the importance of main photoreceptor and photoperiodic induction in photoperiodism. 

Q7.(a) How can the two laws of thermodynamics be combined to determine spontaneity of a reaction ? Also derive a relationship between free energy exchange and equilibrium constant. 

(b) What is bioremediation ? How can plants be used to detoxify the heavy metal containing industrial effluents ? 

(c) What is the importance of fatty acid synthase complex ? Discuss the growth of fatty acyl chain through priming and elongation phases. 5+15=20 

Q8.(a) How is solar energy trapped, fixed and transformed in an aquatic food chain ? 

(b) How do microbes help in chemical recycling in nature for a stable community climax ?

(c) Eco-development sequence proceeds from a barren land to a climax and finally ends in a desert. Explain critically. 

 

 

CS (MAIN) EXAM:2019 BOTANY (Paper I)

Marks: 250  Time Allowed : Three Hours

SECTION ‘A’

1. Describe the following in about 150 words each :

1.(a) Mycorrhizal association and its importance in plants.  10 marks
1.(b)Differentiation between bioremediation and bioleaching. 10 marks
1.(c) Nature and significance of plant-endophyte relationship. 10 marks
1.(d) Alternation of heteromorphic generations in Bryophytes. 10 marks
1.(e) Draw a well labelled longitudinal sectional view of the structure of capsule of Funaria. 10 marks

2.(a) What are the characteristic features, means of reproduction and economic importance of Ascomycetes ? 20 marks
2.(b) Describe the characteristics and replication of viroids. 15 marks
2.(c) What are the critical features of heterospory and seed habit in pteridophytes. 15 marks

3. (a) Write the name of causal agent, symptoms and control measures of yellow vein of Okra and Tundu disease of wheat.20 marks
3.(b) Comment on the structure and ecological and physiological importance of leaf of Azolla.15 marks
3.(c) Compare the thallus forms of brown and green algae. 15 marks

4.(a) Compare and contrast the systems of classifications of Bentham and Hooker, and Hutchinson. Add a note on their merits and demerits. 20 marks
4.(b) What causes anomalous secondary growth in some dicot plants ? Explain.15 marks
4.(c) State the applications of Microbiology in Agriculture.15 marks

 

SECTION 'B'

5. Describe the following in about 150 words each:

5.(a) Importance of haploid plant production from pollen grains.10 marks
5.(b) Hydrocarbon yielding energy crops and advantages of biodiesel. 10 marks
5.(c) Steps in the production of somatic hybrids and their advantages 10 marks
5.(d) Illustrate Kranz anatomy in a typical C4 plant leaf 10 marks
5.(e) Palynology and its significance. 10 marks

6.(a) Define herbarium and give methods of its preparation and also mention the names of five major herbaria. 20 marks
6.(b) Write botanical names and families of the plants yielding beverages, narcotics and gums. 10 marks
6.(c) What are the identifying characters, floral diagram and floral formula of Verbenaceae and Liliaceae ? 10 marks

7.(a) Highlight the main features of Vavilov's centres of origin of crop plants. 20 marks
7.(b) Define totipotency and discuss cytodifferentiation in plants. 10 marks
7.(c) How is Embryology useful in Taxonomy ?10 marks

8.(a) How many types of embryo-sacs are known among angiosperms ? Describe their formation. Give one example for each.20 Marks
8.(b) Discuss the salient features of Gnetales. Why are they regarded as the most evolved Gymnosperms ? 15 marks
8.(c) What are the different stages of micropropagation ? Mention its advantages.15 marks

 

CS (MAIN) EXAM:2019 BOTANY (Paper 2)

Marks: 250   Time Allowed : Three Hours

SECTION ‘A’

Q1. Answer the following questions: 10x5=50 marks

(a)“DNA fingerprinting is important in any plant breeding programme.” Justify the statement with suitable examples. 10 marks
(b) Citing example, discuss briefly the process of cytoplasmic inheritance and the genes involved.10 Marks
(c) Explain the mechanism of cell signalling and the role of cell receptors in regulating this process. 10 marks
(d) How does silencing of the genes occur in eukaryotic genome and what are the implications of gene silencing ? 10 marks
(e) Explain, with required diagrams, the chemical structure and function of primary cell wall and plasma membrane.10 marks

Q2.(a) Dark brown seed coat colour in Phaseolus is dominant over light brown colour. The following progenies were produced from the parents with known phenotypes but unknown genotypes in different experiments. 20 marks

Mention the genotype of each parent in five experiments by using the letter B for dark brown and b for light brown.

(b) Discuss the role of Histone in regulating chromatin structure with special emphasis on Histone N-terminal tails as well as nucleosome assembly.  20 marks
(c) Describe the process of DNA replication in eukaryotic organisms with required diagrams, mentioning the role of enzymes in the different steps involved. Comment on the dynamics of replication fork in eukaryotes. 15+5=20 marks

Q3.(a) Discuss briefly the general principles of cellular adhesion. Give a note on identification and characterization of adhesion receptors. 20 marks
(b) Describe sequentially the steps of T-DNA transfer process from Agrobacterium cell to plant nuclear genome. Write a brief note on achievements of gene transfer technology' in crop improvement .20 Marks
(ii) Enumerate the different causes of heterosis. 10 marks
(c) Explain the role of transcription factors associated with transcription initiation, elongation and termination. How does Histone modification regulate chromatin accessibility ?8+2= 10 marks

Q4.(a) Describe the cellular structure and functions of Ribosome and Peroxisome. 10 marks
(b) Discuss two DNA sequencing methods with suitable illustrations. Name two fully sequenced eukaryotic genomes with their sizes. 20 marks
(c) Write explanatory notes on the following: 20 marks

1.        Polygenic Inheritance 

2.        Sex-linked Inheritance

 

SECTION 'B'

5. Describe the following in about 150 words each:

Q5. Explain each of the following:
(a)  Illustrate the difference between C4 and CAM pathways, giving suitable examples. Write a brief note on their importance. 10 marks
(b) Name at least two plants known to be “plant indicators' and explain their importance in relation to soil quality evaluation. 10 marks
(c)  Illustrate with example the importance of energy transfer and energy conservation for plant growth and development. 10 marks
(d) Explain with example the impact of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and its global relevance with emphasis on Indian scenario. 10 marks
(e) Discuss the processes of mineral nutrition and mineral deficiencies in dry land areas. 10 marks

Q6. Write explanatory notes with examples on the following:

(a) (i) Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration as well as fermentation processes.

(ii) Photorespiration
(iii) Chemo-osmotic theory and ATP synthesis 

(b) (i) Restriction endonuclease 
(ii) Role of glyoxysomes in conversion of fats into simpler molecules 
(iii) Name specific physiological responses on the basis of which IAA, GA, and Kinetin can be identified. 

(c) (i) Explain and justify with examples that recycling plays an important role in solid waste management. 
(ii) "In the present scenario, Global Warming and Climate Change are amongst the greatest threats for human society.” Justify the statement with examples 

Q7. (a) What are the molecular basis and possible manipulations which may help fruit ripening? 15 marks
(b) Illustrate your answer with suitable example, the mechanism by which movement of ions takes place across the cell membrane. 15 marks
(c) Explain with examples, in what way ecosystems and conservation help in the formation of a developed biosphere.20 marks

Q8. (a) Discuss the concept and dynamics of a plant community. Illustrate with suitable examples. 20 marks
(b) Explain the relevance and importance of the following:15 marks

(i) Protected area network
(ii) Invasive species
(iii) Approaches for 'Environmental Impact Assessment 

(c) Explain the approaches of Stress physiology in relation to salinity and metal stresses. Support your answer with examples.20 marks

 

CS (MAIN) EXAM:2018 BOTANY (Paper I)

SECTION ‘A’

1. Describe the following in about 150 words each :

1.(a) Structure of mycoplasma and its importance 10 marks
1.(b) Replication of plant viruses 10 marks
1.(c) Plant Quarantine 10 marks
1.(d) Spermocarp and Cystocarp 10 marks
1.(e) Structure and importance of Lichens 10 marks

2.(a) Describe the role of micro-organisms in medicine and industry. 20 marks
2.(b) Write an account of defense structures in plants against pathogens. 15 marks
2.(c) Comment on morphological nature of sporocarp in Marsilea. 15 marks

3. Write the name of the causal organism, symptoms and control measures of the following diseases: 121/2x4=50 marks
3.(a) Green ear disease of Bajra
3.(b) Paddy blast
3.(c) Angular leaf spot of cotton
3.(d) Sandal spike

4.(a) Give an account of distribution and economic importance of Bryophytes in India.15 marks
4.(b) Describe the male and female cones of Pinus.15 marks
4.(c) Explain distinguishing characters of Dipterocarpaceae, Asteraceae and Orchidaceae.20 marks

SECTION 'B'

5. Describe the following in about 150 words each:

5.(a) Floral morphology (Fructification) and L.S. of ovule of Cycadeoidea.10 marks
5.(b) Typification in plant nomenclature. 10 marks
5.(c) Development of endosperm and its functions 10 marks
5.(d) Different types of Herbaria 10 marks
5.(e) Generation of Symmetric hybrids 10 marks

6.(a) Compare the systems of classifications proposed by Hutchinson and Cronquist with a note on their merits and demerits. 15 marks
6.(b) Describe the different types of stomata in dicots. 10 marks
6.(c) Discuss the essential components of a Botanical garden. Write the names of important Botanical gardens in India. 10 marks
6.(d) Describe the process of protoplast isolation and mention the applications of protoplast culture. 15 marks

7.(a) Describe the role of xylem and phloem in secondary growth of plants. 20 marks
7.(b) Comment on salient features of Cordaitales. 10 marks
7.(c) Discuss the leaf anatomy of C3 and C4 plants.10 marks
7.(d) Describe the major types of embryos with suitable examples.10 marks

8.(a) Write an account of the following families with reference to floral formula and floral diagram. Give Botanical names of four important plant species belonging to each of the families and mention their uses :20 marks
(i) Euphorbiaceae 
(ii) Asclepiadaceae
(iii) Poaceae
8.(b) Write Botanical names and their families of plants yielding spices, drugs and insecticides and mention the parts used therein. 15 marks
8.(c) Write notes on the following: 71/2 x2=15 marks
(i) NPC system of classification of pollen grains
(ii) Cytodifferentiation and its regulation

 

 

CS (MAIN) EXAM:2018 BOTANY (Paper 2)

SECTION ‘A’

Q1Answer the following questions: 10x5=50 marks

(a) "Organelles bound by membranes in eukaryotic cells have originated from endosymbiosis of prokaryotic cells." Explain this statement with the help of some suitable diagrams. 10 marks
(b) Gray seed colour in peas is dominant over the white. In the following experiments, parents with known phenotypes but unknown genotypes produced the following progeny:
Parents Progeny
Gray White
Gray x Gray 82 78
(ii) Gray x Gray 118 39
(iii) White x White 0 50
(iv) Gray x White 74 0
(v) Gray x Gray 90 0
Using the letter G for gray and g for white, give the genotype of each parent. 10 marks
(c) Explain the concept of multiple alleles with one example. 10 marks
(d) Why is RNA considered as the first living molecule ? Discuss its role in the origin of life. 10 marks
(e) Briefly describe the different methods of gene transfer in plants. 10 marks

Q2.(a) Briefly discuss the cellular function of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum with required diagrams. 20 marks
(b) How are insect resistant transgenic plants developed ? Which gene is used in this technology ? Briefly explain the rationale of the technology. 20 marks
(c) Which statistical test is used to determine whether the observed progeny of a cross fits or differs from the expected values ? Name the test and briefly describe the steps involved. 10 marks

Q3.(a) Discuss the role of cyclin-dependent protein kinases in controlling the cell cycle. Explain with the help of a diagram. 20 marks
(b) (i) Explain the synthetic theory of organic evolution, 10 marks
(ii) Enumerate the different causes of heterosis. 10 marks
(c) Explain the importance of the following techniques : 10 marks
(i) FISH
(ii) Molecular probe

Q4.(a) Briefly describe the following terms and emphasize their applications: 15 marks
(i) Restriction endonucleases
(ii) Mutation breeding
(iii) Gene mapping
(b) Describe with suitable diagram, the lac operon of bacterium E. Coli. Discuss the control mechanism of the operon which produces the enzymes necessary for catabolizing the lactose. 20 marks
(c) Describe the structure and function of Plasmodesmata. 15 marks

 

SECTION 'B'

5. Describe the following in about 150 words each:

Q5. Explain each of the following:
(a) Water potential 10 marks
(b) Glycolysis 10 marks
(c) Phloem loading 10 marks
(d) Phytogeographical regions of India 10 marks
(e) Components of an ecosystem 10 marks

Q6. (a) What is Phosphorylation ? Differentiate between photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. 20 marks
(b) What is red data book ? Describe it. Discuss the various IUCN threat categories. 20 marks
(c) How do plants monitor day length ? Discuss the various categories of plants based on their photoperiodic responses. What happens when the dark period is interrupted by night break and why? 20 marks

Q7. (a) What is ecological succession ? Discuss the various models describing the mechanism of succession. 15 marks
(b) Define plant community. Discuss the various analytical characters of plant community. 15 marks
(c) Define enzyme, prosthetic groups, coenzymes and isoenzymes, Discuss the mechanism of enzyme action. 20 marks

Q8. (a) Describe C4 pathway of CO, fixation. Discuss the advantages that the C4 plants have over C3 plants. 20 marks
(b) What is biodiversity ? Discuss the major strategies for the conservation of biodiversity. 15 marks
(c) Define natural forests and mention the name of the forest type covering the maximum area in India. Discuss the major forest types in India as described by Champion and Seth. 15 marks

UPSC IAS Mains Exam Paper - 2017 : Botany

BOTANY
(Paper - I)

Time Allowed : Three Hours

Maximum Marks : 250

Question Paper Specific Instructions

Please read each of the following instructions carefully before attempting questions :

There are EIGHT questions divided in TWO SECTIONS and printed both in HINDI and in ENGLISH.

Candidate has to attempt FIVE questions in all.

Questions no. 1 and 5 are compulsory and out of the remaining, any THREE are to be attempted choosing at least ONE question from each section.

The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.

Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the Admission Certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this Question-cum-Answer (QCA) Booklet in the space provided. No marks will be given for answers written in a medium other than the authorized one.

Word limit in questions, wherever specified, should be adhered to. Diagrams/figures, wherever required, may be drawn in the space provided for answering the question itself.

Attempts of questions shall be counted in sequential order. Unless struck off, attempt of a question shall be counted even if attempted partly. Any page or portion of the page left blank in the Question-cum-Answer Booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION A

Q1. Describe the following in about 150 words each :

(a) Parasexuality in Fungi
(b) Phycobiliproteins
(c) Tetrapolar Heterothallism
(d) Salient features of Lichens
(e) Peristome

Q2. (a) What is meant by Modelling and how does it help in disease forecasting ?
(b) Describe the diplobiontic life cycle of Polysiphonia.
(c) Draw a well-labelled diagram of L.S. of Gnetum ovule and briefly describe its female gametophyte also.

Q3. (a) Describe the symptoms, causal organisms and control measures of white rust of crucifers and red rot of sugarcane.
(b) Make a comparison of Hepaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida and Bryopsida classes of Bryophyta with special reference to sporophytes only.
(c) Give an account of distribution of living Gymnosperms in India.

Q4. (a) Give an account of genetic recombination in bacteria.
(b) Describe the evolution of Stellar System in Pteridophyta with proper diagrams.
(c) Give an account of different modes of transmission of plant viruses.

SECTION B

Q5. Describe the following in about 150 words each :

(a) Embryology in relation to Taxonomy, with examples
(b) Vavilov's centers of origin in plants
(c) Symmetry in plants with relation to morphogenesis
(d) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(e) Androgenic haploid plants

Q6. (a) Comment on polyembryony and apomixis in flowering plants.
(b) Write an account of Ethnobotany in relation to modern day drug discovery.
(c) "Clonal micropropagation is useful in Floriculture industry.” Explain the process with some suitable examples.

Q7. (a) Describe the classification given by Engler and Prantl and comment on its merits and demerits.
(b) Give an account of the following :

(i) Developmental details of interxylary phloem
(ii) Anomalous secondary growth in Dracaena stem

(c) Explain the somaclonal variations and their applications in plant breeding.

Q8. (a) Write an account of the following families with reference to floral diagram and floral formula. Give botanical names of four important plant species belonging to each of the families and specify their uses :

(i) Cucurbitaceae
(ii) Solanaceae
(iii) Liliaceae

(b) Describe the plants used as sources of fibres, dyes and resins with suitable examples.
(c) Write short notes on the following:

(i) Cytoplasmic hybrids
(ii) Chemotaxonomy

 

BOTANY
(PAPER - II)

Time Allowed : Three Hours

Maximum Marks : 250

QUESTION PAPER SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
(Please read each of the following instructions carefully before attempting questions)

There are EIGHT questions divided in two Sections and printed both in HINDI and in ENGLISH.

Candidate has to attempt FIVE questions in all.

Question Nos. 1 and 5 are compulsory and out of the remaining, THREE are to be attempted choosing at least ONE question from each Section.

The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it.

Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the Admission Certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this Question-cum-Answer (QCA) Booklet in the space provided. No marks will be given for answers written in a medium other than the authorized one.

Word limit in questions, if specified, should be adhered to. Diagrams/figures, wherever required, may be drawn in the space provided for answering the question itself.

Attempts of questions shall be counted in sequential order. Unless struck off, attempt of a question shall be counted even if attempted partly. Any page or portion of the page left blank in the Question-cum-Answer Booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION-A

Q1. Answer/Explain the following:

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of prokaryotic and eukaryotic chloroplast and describe their functions.
(b) Molecular basis of sex differentiation
(c) Role of mutations in plant evolution
(d) Molecular basis of cell cycle
(e) Student's t-test is a test of significance. Explain.

Q2. (a) Explain the importance of numerical and structural variations in chromosomes with respect to crop varieties.
(b) What is the significance of chromatin organization and packaging in genome?
(c) What is apomixis? Write about its relevance in plant breeding.

Q3. (a) Define vertical and lateral transfer of genes. Explain their importance with at least one example of each.
(b) (i) What are the genetic bases of male sterility?
(ii) How can a protein solution be sterilized?
(c) Explain the significance and importance of the following with at least one example :

(i) Gene silencing
(ii) Multigene families
(iii) Transgenic crops and their future

Q4. (a) Explain with suitable examples the importance and significance of the following :

(i) Quantitative genetics
(ii) Linkage and crossing-over
(iii) Molecular maps
(iv) Sex-linked inheritance

(b) Elaborate on the use of molecular markers in plant breeding.
(c) Write brief notes on the following:

(i) Southern blotting
(ii) RT-PCR
(iii) Mass selection

SECTION-B

Q5. Explain the following:

(a) b-oxidation
(b) GS-GOGAT system
(c) Phytochelatins
(d) Biotic factors
(e) Biosphere reserve as a part of protected area network

Q6. (a) Describe the nature and importance of ion fluxes during stomatal movement.
(b) Comment on compartmentation of biochemical events in photorespiration. Add a note on the significance of photorespiration.
(c) What are the purposes and aims of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)? What are the guiding principles for an effective EIA process? Write the main steps of an idealized EIA.

Q7. (a) Describe the physiological changes associated with the process of seed germination.
(b) Citric acid cycle is an amphibolic process. Discuss.
(c) What is sedimentary cycle? Explain the flow of an element showing sedimentary cycle through diagrammatic representation. What are the anthropogenic influences on such elemental cycle(s) ?

Q8. (a) . Differentiate between primary active transport and secondary active transport.
(b) What is the concept of ecosystem? How does succession influence the diversity and stability of an ecosystem?
(c) Define sustainable development. How do global warming and climatic changes influence the endemic flora and fauna of a region?

 

UPSC IAS Mains Optional Botany

(Paper -1 & Paper -2) Exam Paper - 2016

Botany  Paper-1

SECTION-A

1. Briefly describe the following in not more than 150 words each: 10x5=50 marks

(a) Role of microbes in mining and pharmaceuticals 10 marks
(b) Ultrastructure of flagella in Algae 10 marks
(c) Role of soil solarization in disease control 10 marks
(d) Lytic cycle of bacteriophage  10 marks
(e) Physiological relationship of two partners in Lichens 10 marks

 

2.(a) Explain the molecular basis of infection and disease resistance in plants. 15+5=20  marks
(b) Describe the characteristic features of Cyanobacteria and mention its role in nitrogen fixation. 10+5=15 marks
(c) Write down the characters of pteridophytes resembling bryophytes and gymnosperms. 7.5+7.5=15 marks

3.(a) Discuss the evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes. 20 marks
(b) Trace the transition from multisporangia to conidia in Mucorales with illustrations and suitable examples. 8+7=15 marks
(c) Describe the different stages in the development of female gametophyte within the ovule in Cyeus. 15  marks

4.  Give the name of the causal organism, symptoms and control measures of any four important crop diecaces caused respectively by 12.5x4=50 marks

(a) a fungus
(b) a bacterium
(c) a virus
(d) a mycoplasma

SECTION-B

5. Briefly describe the following in about 150 words each : 10x5=50 marks

(a) Forensic application of palynology  10 marks
(b) Procedure and maintenance of Herbarium 10 marks
(c) Tumour cells and their culture  10 marks
(d) Xylem and phloem differentiation 10 marks
(e) Energy plantations  10 marks

6.(a) Describe the principles and application of embryo culture techniques, mentioning the protocol for embryo culture. 15+5=20 marks
(b) Write an account of the following families in regard to their floral structures. Give the botanical names of three important plant species belonging to each of the families and specify their uses : 10x3=30  marks

(i) Asclepiadaceae
(ii) Musaceae
(iii) Apiaccac

7.(a) Discuss the principle and application of Numerical Taxonomy 5+10=15  marks
(b) Give the botanical names of latex yielding plants with narcotic properties and also write the names of the plant-parts used therein. 7.5+7.5=15 marks
(c)  How anthers and pollens are cultured in vitro ? Discuss its importance in the production of haploid plants. 12+8=20 marks

8.(a) Compare and contrast the systems of classification of angiosperms proposed by Hutchinson and Takhtajan. 10+10=20 marks
(b) Differentiate between normal and abnormal secondary growth in dicot stem. Discuss with suitable examples. Draw labelled diagrams. 10+5=15 marks
(c) Write notes on the following: 7.5+7.5=15 marks

(i) Heart wood and Sap wood
(ii) Different types of trichomes

Botany  Paper-2

SECTION-A

1. Explain the following:  10x5=50 marks

(a) Polyteny differs from polyploidy 10 marks
(b) Factors affecting recombination frequencies  10 marks
(c) Chi-square test as a test of goodness of fit 10 marks
(d) C-value paradox 10 marks  
(e) Chemical mutagens 10 marks

2. (a) Explain and describe the tools and techniques of FISH.  20 marks
(b) Describe the basic structure of a nucleosome. 15 marks
(c) "The consequences of translocations are profound. They lead not only to a change in gene linkage in the translocated sections but also to easily incurred meiotic abnormalities." Discuss. 15 marks

3.(a) Citing suitable evidences, explain plastid inheritance in four o'clock plant.  15 marks
(b) Discuss Inbreeding depression versus Heterosis. 15 marks
(c) How does the Ins P3/DAG pathway participate in the process of translocation of cellular signals ? 20 marks

4. Briefly describe the characteristics and applications of the following: 10x5=50 marks

(a) Back cross method  10 marks
(b) Restriction endonucleases 10 marks
(c) Transgenic plants as living Lioruuclor's 10 marks
(d) Molecular markers  10 marks
(e) Retroviruses as vectors 10 marks

SECTION B

5. Explain the following: 10x5=50

(a) Apoenzyme  10 marks
(b) Ethylene as a volatile hormone 10 marks
(c) Soil salinity also restricts the growth of plants  10 marks
(d) Taiga or Boreal forests 10 marks
(e) "The pyramid of energy always takes a true upright shape." Why? 10 marks

6.(a) Describe the role of glyoxysomes in conversion of fats into more mobile molecules. 15 marks
(b) Distinguish between phloem loading and phloem unloading.15 marks
(c) What is Niche overlap ? Narrate the biogeographic classifications of India. 5+10=15 marks

7.(a) What are the functions of the enzymes which need copper, zinc and molybdenum as their co-factors ? 15  marks
(b)  Enumerate the effects of oil spillage and suggest the control and remedial measures of it. 5+5+5=15 marks
(c) Define ecological succession. Describe the causes and basic types of ecological succession. 5+10+5=20 marks

8. Briefly describe the given terms and emphasize their importance/ significance 10x5=50 marks

(a) Recycling is an integral part of solid waste management  10 marks
(b) 0TEC 10 marks
(c) Allosteric enzymes and Feedback control 5+5=10 marks
(d) Biosafety and Bioremediation 5+5=10 marks
(e) Solar pond 10 marks