UPSC Mains Exam Geography

 

UPSC IAS Mains Exam 2020 Geography (Paper-1)

Marks: 250      Time Allowed: 3 Hours

SECTION "A"

Q1. Answer the following in about 150 word each:

(a) Write a geographical note on Halloween Storm.  

(b) Why is mapping important for analysing gco-hydrological investigations? Explain with relevant examples.

(c) Marine resources are economically very significant. Discuss citing suitable examples.

(d) which factors influence the growth of wild plants in India? Discuss their economic significance.

(e) Discuss the problems associated with the living environment in million plus cities in India. How can these be managed? 

Q2.(a)  Write an essay on the evolution of continents and occans using various thcorics and models. 

(b) Discuss the concept of coral bleaching, its recovery and macroalgal regime shifts due to this process. 

(c) Explain the currents of the North Atlantic Ocean and their significant role in the climate of Western Europe. 

Q3.(a) Explain how various factors influence the origin and development of the Indian monsoon system. 

(b) Explain the effects and causes of deforestation, and its impact on the pattern of agriculture in Indiaio che i ८

(c) Explain the characteristic scatures of Frontogenesis and Frontolysis. 

Q4.(a) Discuss the problems of erosional surfaces and explain the different methods to identify them with suitable diagrams.

(b) Land use/Land cover and soil types influence forage quantity and quality in semi-arid regions of the world. Discuss with relevant examples.

(c) Discuss the human response to and management of hazards and disasters in India. 

SECTION "B"

Q5. Answer the following in about 150 words each : 

(a) Analyse India's food security in the context of population growth.

(b) Identify the causes and effects of energy crisis, and suggest suitable measures to solve the problem.

(c) Distinguish between mobility and migration. What are the causes and consequences of rural to urban migration in India?

(d) "Where cconomic growth is sustained over long time periods, its incidence works towards a progressive integration of the space economy." Elucidate.

(e) Write a note on the relevance of von Thünen's agricultural location thcory in the present context.

Q7. (a) Discuss the concept of urban resilience in the context of planning for sustainable development with reference to towns and cities of India.

(b) Analyse the dynamics of industrial location in the metropolitan cities of India.

(c) Write an essay on gender equity and equality in India in the context of balanced human development. 

Q8.(a) Discuss how and why Mackinder modified his concept of Pivot Area after the World Wars.

(b) Provide an account of world population transition in the context of fertility decline and socio-economic development. 

(c) "Human ecology is the study of mutual relationship of people and their environment both natural and social." Discuss in detail using ccological concepts. 

UPSC IAS Mains Exam 2020 Geography (Paper-2)

• Marks: 250          Time Allowed: 3 Hours

SECTION "A"

Q1.(a) On the outline map of india provided to you,mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCR Booklet the significance the these locations whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/enviromental/culture, not more than 30 words for each entry :

(i) Vadhawan 

(ii) Salkhan 

(iii) Coorg

(iv) Mhow 

(v) Umroi 

(vi) Thoothukudi 

(vii) Bargarh 

(viii) Atal Tunnel . 

(ix) Gurushikhar. 

(x) Bum La 

(b) Climate change has unsettled the rhythm of seasons.Comment with examples and empirical evidences.

(c) Discuss the method of crops residue management in rural india to reduce pollution.

(d) Has the regional aspiration of the people of jammu and kashmir been addressed throgh re-organisation of the state? Make an assessment.

Q2.(a) Identifying areas covered under tribal sum-plan,discus the programmers intiated to address to their problems.

(b) Soil type in india, classifield on the basis of colour,possess speific chemical and mineral characteristics.Dicuss.

(c) The Pharmaceutical industry in india depend on the import of raw material. Evaluate this statement in viewe of the Indo-Chinese relationship.

Q3.(a) India has opened-up its space to private sectore for settlite based activities. Critically examine its implications indicating the major security concerns.

(b) Identify oilseeds producing areas in India and the dicusse the measure to promote edible oil industry. 

(c) Give a reasoned geographical account of changing rural folk houses in india.

Q4.(a) Border are development is an important national priority. What are the resilient steps needed for peaceful borders? 

(b) Stunting and wasting among children are major consequense of food in insecurity.Discuss various schemes of Government of India to address insecurity. Address these problems and their achievements. 

(c) The Essential Commodities (Amendment)Bill 2020 aims to deregulate the production, supply and distribution of farm produce. Critically examine its spatial consequences.

SECTION "B"

Q5.Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: 

(a) The success of Panchayati Raj depends upon meaningful participation of people grassroot level. Examine. 

(b) Elucidate the benefits of neem coated urea scheme for indian agriculture.

(c) Canal irrigation has led to monocropping in India. Explain with suitable exmples.

(d) The pattern of growing ecological foot-prints is uneven in nature. Analyse with reference to land resources in India.

(e) Identify challenges faced by generative and parasitic towns in India and their possible remedies. 

Q6.(a) Digital Divide in India needs quick redressal to reduce regional disparity in dvelopment. Elaborate with suitable examples.

(b) Awalanche is a major hazard in the Himalayas. What are its causes and mitigation measures? 

(c) The process of demographic transition is not uniform in India. Examine this statement in the context of demographic transition theory.

 Q7.(a) Demarcating the seismic zones of India, suggest suitable interventions requiered most sensitive seismic zones for sustainable hunman settlements.

(b) What are the characteristics of Blue Flag certified beaches? Discuss their significance for beach tourism in India. 

(c) Urban sprawl around planned cities evolve leading to emergence of squater settlements. Discuss the advantages and disadvatages of such outgrowth.

Q8.(a) Analyse the changing nature of workforce composition vis-à-vis rural-urban divide in India. 

(b) Describe the economic, maritime and strategic interests of India in South China Sea. 

(c) What kind of skill promotion programmes have been initiated for job deficient regions in India ? Explain.

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UPSC Mains Exam 2019   Geography 

Marks: 250                                                                   Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                                                       (Paper-1)  SECTION "A"

Q.1 Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

(a) Describe phreatic eruptions and their consequences. 
(b) Explain the techniques to calculate potential evapotranspiration suggested by Thornthwaite. 
(c) How are sandspits and tombolos formed? 
(d) Amensalism is a biotic factor that determines the geographic limits of species. Explain. 
(e) How do mountaineers constitute a threat to Mount Everest? 

Q.2 (a) Why is it necessary to conserve genetic diversity of species? Do protected areas serve any useful purpose in this context? 
(b) Compare and contrast different types of plate boundaries. 
(c) Explain the nature of urban climates and their impact on global environmental change. 

Q.3 (a) Discuss in detail the tri-cellular model of atmospheric circulation. 
(b) How are soil acidity and alkalinity related to soil fertility? 
(c) “The web of life is seamless and the consequences of disruption to one part of the ecosystem ripple throughout the whole." Elaborate. 

Q.4 (a) Discuss the methods of measuring the intensity and magnitude of earthquakes. How are seismic zones demarcated? 
(b) The impact of floods on life and property can be most effectively reduced by hazard mapping. Comment. 
(c) How are ocean waves formed? Distinguish between a wave of oscillation and a wave of translation. 

SECTION "B"

Q.5 Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

(a) "A language originates at a particular place and diffuses to other locations through the migration of its speakers." Examine this statement in the context of language hot spots and endangered language hot spots. 
(b) Define stunting and wasting. Why are these more prevalent among children in developing countries?
(c) Explain the relationship between net reproductive rate (NRR) and true replacement level of population. 
(d) What are natural regions? How are they different from planning regions?
(e) Discuss the genetic classification of boundaries suggested by Hartshorne. 

Q.6 (a). HDI has brought about a paradigm shift in the way people think about the development process. Critically examine the inherent limitations of HDI.  20 
(b) "A large-scale global shift in manufacturing is the outcome of deindustrialization in the developed world matched by industrialization in the developing world."  Analyze this statement.15 
(c) What do you mean by 'climate migrants'? Suggest appropriate policies and programmes for their resettlement. 15 

Q.7 (a) What changes in the current planning, management and governance of human settlements are needed to face the changing environment including climate change and disaster vulnerabilities in cities? 20 
(b) Globalization can often subsume folk culture. What are its positive and negative effects? 15 
(c) "Growth is not uniform in different places." Critically examine this statement in the context of the growth pole theory. 

Q.8 (a) Distinguish between 'isodapanes' and isotims'. Critically examine the least cost theory of industrial location given by Alfred Weber. 

(b) Assess the challenges for countries with the largest shares of aged populations. 15 
(c) Examine the relevance of the ‘rimland theory' in the contemporary world. 

 

UPSC Mains Exam 2019   Geography (Paper-2)

Marks: 250                                                                                             Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                                 

SECTION "A"

Q.1 (a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/ commercial/ economic/ ecological/ environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry:  2x10-20 

(i)  Lothal 
(ii)  River Beas 
(iii) Chikhaldara 
(iv) Narora 
(v)  Lengpui 
(vi)  Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary 
(vii) Thenmala 
(viii) Anamudi 
(ix) Barren Island 
(x) Durgaduani creek 

1.(b) Examine the major causes of ground water depletion in India. 
1.(c) Why is the Indian Monsoon erratic in nature ? Explain. 
1.(d) Explain the significance of dry farming in drought prone areas of India. 

2.(a) Correlate the agro-climatic zones with agro-ecological regions of India. 20 
2.(b) Critically analyse the role of multinational corporations in India's economic development with suitable examples. 15 
2.(c) Discuss how watershed management has become a tool in eradication of rural poverty in India. 15 

3.(a) Discuss the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides in agriculture and its impact on human health. 20 
3.(b) Examine ongoing space programmes of India and their implications for national security in future. 15 
3.(c) Discuss the rainfall pattern and correlate it with spatial distribution of natural vegetation in India. 15 

4.(a) Discuss the political aspects of Himalaya. Explain how it has affected geo-strategy, geo-politics and regional consciousness of Indian federalism. 20 
4.(b) Examine the development of information technology in India and its influence on work culture and society. 15
4.(c) Explain the present status of age-structure and availability of workforce in India. 15 

 

SECTION "B"

Q.5 Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

5.(a) . Present the salient features of West flowing rivers of India. 10 
5.(b) Discuss the problems of wildlife conservation and management in India. 10 
5.(c) Correlate the price of land, vertical growth of cities and the growth of slums in large cities of India. 10 
5.(d) Assess the importance of foot-loose industries in the development of backward regions in India. 10 
5.(e) Examine the problems of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in India. 10 

6.(a) "Intrabasins linkages of rivers are more feasible economically, socially and ecologically". Discuss with suitable examples from India. 20 
6.(b) Provide a reasoned account on emerging conurbations in India and explain with suitable examples the problems associated with it. 15 
6.(c) Explain the relevance of green tourism for sustainable development of mountain environment in India. 15 

7.(a) Analyse the role of interstate migration in regional disparity in India. 20 
7.(b) Give a reasoned account of high level of pollution in North Indian cities as compared to South Indian cities. 15 
7.(c) Analyse the incentive oriented programmes for removing regional imbalances in socio-economic development of India.

8.(a) With special reference to India examine the changes in the nature and patterns of international trade. Mention the major influencing factors. 20 
8.(b) Describe the altitudinal and spatial geo-environmental hazards in the Himalayas. 15 
8.(c) "India is emerging as global power in relation to Indian ocean realm." Elaborate. 15

 

UPSC Mains Exam 2018    Geography (Paper-1)

Marks: 250                                                                                                                                         Time Allowed: 3 Hours

SECTION "A"

Q.1 Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

(a) “Landscape is a function of structure, process and stage.” Critique the statement.
(b) Explain the role of evaporation in the hydrologic cycle.
(c) Describe the causes and consequences of sea level changes.
(d) Distinguish between intrazonal and azonal soils. Describe in brief the characteristics and importance of azonal soils.
(e) Explain the natural and anthropogenic causes and mitigation measures of frequent flooding in Mumbai.

Q.2 (a) Evaluate how far Kober's geosynclinals theory explains the mountain building process.
(b) Critically examine the basis and scheme of climatic classification proposed by G.T.Trewartha.
(c) Discuss the objectives and principles of environmental education. Describe the basic concerns of formal and non-formal environmental education in India.

Q.3 (a) Explain the origin, progress and retreat of the Indian monsoon and discuss its impact on the Indian economy.
(b) “Geomorphological changes are largely responsible for environmental hazards in the Himalayan region.” Comment with relevant examples.
(c) “Controlling population growth is the sustainable solution to environmental problems.” Express your views with suitable arguments.

Q.4 (a) Describe the potential marine energy resources with reference to their benefits, harvestibility and environmental impacts.
(b) Explain the ecosystem approach to environmental management and highlight its advantages and disadvantages.
(c) Discuss the causes of degradation of tropical rainforests and suggest remedial measures for their prevention, conservation and development.

SECTION "B"

Q.5 Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

(a) “Geography is a contested and multiparadigmic discipline with a strong eurocentricity that has only recently been challenged.” Comment.
(b) Discuss the degree of importance of transportation costs as a factor of industrial location with respect to “footloose industries”.
(c) Explain the concepts of “megalopolis” and “exopolis” with regard to the growth of cities indicating whether the two can and do overlap.
(d) Write a note on “forward and backward linkages” in Perroux's thesis of economic growth and regional development.
(e) Outline briefly the “age of mass consumption” as described by Rostow in his „multi-stage theory of growth.

Q.6 (a) “Areal differentiation has provided the theoretical justification for studying „regions and regional geography. Comment.
(b) Citing examples from Asia and Europe, comment upon the contexts within which pronatalist population policies are advanced what could be the implications of these policies on women's workforce participation.
(c) Comment upon the contributions of D.M Smith in outlining „welfare as a key focus in the geographies of social well-being.

Q.7 (a) “Famine is a social phenomena rooted in institutional and political economic arrangements, which determine access to food by different classes and strata.” Comment.
(b) Provide a brief outline of ideas related to “sense of place” as propounded by Yi-Fu Tuan and Relph in humanistic geography that emerged in the 1970's.
(c) Elaborate upon the influence of Marxist philosophy on geographical research outlining key theme addressed by Marxist geographers since the 1970's.

Q.8 (a) “Welfare geography emphasizes spatial inequality and territorial justice.” Comment with reference to the main ideas and scope of the subfield.
(b) Discuss critically the manner in which quantitative revolution provided the methodological foundation for models and modeling in geography.
(c) Discuss in brief the main thesis in “Limits to Growth” (1972) and also provide a critique of the same.

 

UPSC Mains Exam 2018    Geography (Paper-2)

Marks: 250                                                                                                                                   Time Allowed: 3 Hours

SECTION "A"

Q.1 (a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/ commercial/ economic/ ecological/ environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry:

1. Shyok River
2. Mawlynnong
3. Shravasti
4. Kori Creek
5. Amarkantak
6. Ghatshila
7. Tawang
8. Neyyar
9. Dandeli
10. Mulshi Lake

b) Explain the unusual intensity of dust storms and thunderstorms across India in the pre-monsoon period of year 2018.
c) Why setting up of Water Management Boards is a controversial issue in India.
d) Keeping the recent developments in view, how can the energy crisis of India be circumvented by harnessing non conconventional energy resources?

Q.2 a) Distinguish the geographical aspects of North-Western lava plateau and Chotanagpur Plateau of Peninsular India.
b) Explain the contemporary agricultural scenario in the context of rapid urbanizations in India.
c) Assess the suitability of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for the sustainable economic development in India.

Q.3 a) Examine the ongoing process of agricultural diversification and its implications for food security in India.
b) Account for the persisting negative trade balance of India.
c) Critically assess the vanishing ethnic linguistic plurality of India.

Q.4 a) Examine the driving forces of changing urban morphology of millionplus cities of India with suitable examples.
b) Discuss the emerging geo-political scenario of Indian Ocean realm.
c) Give a critical account of region specific constraints of sustainable tourisms in India.

SECTION "B"

Q.5 Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

a) Discuss the socio-economic problems associates with the left behind families of international migrants from India.
b) Explain the changing river courses and their impacts on the riparian population in India with suitable examples.
c) Make a critical appraisal of the factors affecting river water quality in India.
d) Examine the role of people’s participation in successful decentralized planning in India.
e) Describe the socio-spatial consequences of the recent Nipah viral encephalitis in India.

Q.6 a) Illustrate with suitable examples the endeavours undertaken in augmenting conservation of water and vegetation in India.
b) Discuss the strategies of integrated development of island territories in India.
c) Cross border terrorism has implications on border area development in India. Examine it with suitable examples.

Q.7 a) Explain the pipeline network across India and its impact on regional development.
b) Discuss the changing composition of international trade through major seaports of India.
c) Peri-urbanization has created enormous environmental problems. Discuss their causes and consequences with reference to the National Capital Region (N.C.R) of India.

Q.8 a) Describe the changing regional morphology of rural settlements in India.
b) Startups may play important role in giving fillip to economic growth in India. Illustrate with examples.
c) Is the land boundary of India with its neighbouring countries a cultural divide or divided culture? Explain with suitable examples.

 

UPSC Mains Exam Paper - 2017 : Geography     Paper - I

·         Time Allowed : Three Hours                                                                                                   Maximum Marks : 250

 

Question Paper Specific Instructions

Please read each of the following instructions carefully before attempting questions :

There are EIGHT questions divided in TWO SECTIONS and printed both in HINDI and in ENGLISH.

Candidate has to attempt FIVE questions in all.

Questions no. 1 and 5 are compulsory and out of the remaining, any THREE are to be attempted choosing at least ONE question from each section.

The number of marks carried by a question / part is indicated against it.

Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the Admission Certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this Question-cum-Answer (QCA) Booklet in the space provided. No marks will be given for answers written in a medium other than the authorized one.

Word limit in questions, wherever specified, should be adhered to.

Illustrate your answers with suitable sketches/maps and diagrams, wherever considered necessary.

These shall be drawn in the space provided for answering the question itself.

Attempts of questions shall be counted in sequential order. Unless struck off, attempt of a question shall be counted even if attempted partly.

Any page or portion of the page left blank in the Question-cum-Answer Booklet must be clearly struck off.

SECTION A

Q1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :

(a) Write a note on pseudovolcanic features.
(b) Distinguish between low energy coasts and coral coasts.
(c) Discuss the impacts of ocean currents on air mass behaviour.
(d) Describe the characteristics of biological deserts.
(e) Explain the concept of micro carbon sink and its relevance.

Q2. (a) Discuss the forces which govern the air movement on the Earth's surface.
(b) “The knowledge of slope analysis has limited field application in the slope management.” Explain.
(c) Describe the configuration of the Pacific Ocean floor.

Q3. (a) "Climate change is a reality.” Explain with suitable examples.
(b) Distinguish between the characteristics of Chernozem and Sierozem Soils.
(c) Give a classification of plants based on the amount of water requirement.

Q4. (a) Discuss the concept of Periglacial cycle as propounded by Peltier.
(b) "Climate, slope gradient and rock structure influence the avulsion of channels.” Explain.
(c) Discuss the Perception, Attitude, Value and Emotion (PAVE) Theory of environmental management.

 

SECTION B

Q5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :

(a) Explain the concept of Time-Geography.
(b) “Whittlesey's agricultural regions are relevant even today.” Discuss.
(c) Write an explanatory note on geographical systems.
(d) “The traditional cultural identities are at loss with the growth of global connectivity.” Explain.
(e) Give an account on sustainable development and its components.

Q6. (a) Discuss the contemporary paradigms of Geography.
(b) "The intensity of energy crisis varies regionally.” Explain.
(c) Examine the causes and consequences of forced migration of population in the present context.

Q7. (a) Discuss the applicability of Christaller's Central Place Theory.
(b) “There are considerable demographic similarities between West European nations and Japan.” Explain.
(c) Define the quality of life and explain its parameters with adequate examples.

Q8. (a) "The Heartland Theory is gaining importance once again". Comment.
(b) Examine the role of small towns in the regional development process.
(c) Explain the concept of social capital in relation to India.

 

UPSC Mains Optional Geography (Paper -1 & Paper -2) Exam Paper - 2016

Geography (Paper-1)

SECTION A

1. Answer the following in about 150 words each : 10x5=50

(a) Describe the “Basket of eggs topography". 10 marks
(b) Differentiate between insolation and temperature and explain anomalous temperature. 10 marks
(c) Discuss Maritime Zones. 10 marks
(d) Bring out the ecological significance of Tropical Rainforest Biome. 10 marks
(e) Explain the hydro-meteorological hazards in the Himalayas. 10 marks

2.(a) "In explaining the concept of 'Pediplanation', King combined the ideas of Davis, Penck and Wood with his own." Elaborate. 20 marks
(b) Compare the origin and weather conditions associated with the tropical and temperate cyclones.15 marks
(c) Give a reasoned account on how the impact of Global Warming differs from one part of the Earth to the other. 15 marks

3.(a) Discuss the significance of World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and its core projects in the understanding of climatic change. 20 marks
(b) "The relationship between the winds and the currents is best seen in the Indian Ocean." Justify. 15 marks
(c) Write a critical note on the tendency of use and throw" in the context of economic status and environment. 15 marks

4.(a) Bring out the various ecological problems associated with the exploitation and use of oceans and their resources. 20 marks
(b) "Geological structure has a dominant control on landforms and is reflected on them." Discuss. 15 marks
(c) Describe Newbigin's scheme of Floristic regions of the world and explain the Mediterranean Floristic region. 15 marks

SECTION B

5. Answer the following in about 150 words each : 10x5=50

(a) "Areal differentiation forms the core theme in Geography." Explain. 10 marks
(b) Explain 'Isodapane'. 10 marks
(c) Discuss the major characteristics of CBD'. 10 marks
(d) Elaborate the idea of "Compage'. 10 marks
(e) Discuss the application of Gravity model in Geographical studies, 10 marks

6.(a) Trace the origin and progress of Quantitative Revolution in Geography and bring out its merits and demerits. 20 marks
(b) Discuss the role of site in determining the types and patterns of rural settlements.15 marks
(c) What is a "region' ? Describe "Thiessen' polygon method of regional delimitation. 15 marks

7.(a) Describe the regional pattern of Life Expectancy in the world and bring out the challenges faced by developing countries due to increasing life expectancy. 20 marks
(b) Discuss the relevance of 'Stop and Go Determinism' in the present day context. 15 marks
(c) Define and differentiate between boundaries and frontiers. Describe the geometrical boundaries with suitable examples. 15 marks

8.(a) Give a critical account of Losch's theory of central places. 20 marks
(b) "Linkages between resource-endowed regions and resource-utilizing regions determine the pattern of international trade." Elaborate with suitable examples. 15 marks
(c) In what ways can geographers contribute towards optimal land use planning in a region ? 15 marks

Geography (Paper-2)

SECTION-A

1.(a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/ commercial/ economic/ ecological/ Environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry : 2x10=20 marks

(i) Pir Panjal Range
(ii) River Indravati
(iii) Nathu La Pass
(iv) Jog Falls
(v) Pulicat Lake
(vi) Kudankulam
(vii) Nalanda
(viii) Kudremukh
(ix) Headquarters of N-E Railways
(x) Farakka Barrage

INDIA
WITH AFGHANISTAN, BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, NEPAL, MYANMAR
(BURMA), PAKISTAN AND SRI LANKA

(b) Explain the shifting of river courses and river capturing in the Himalayas. (In about 150 words) 10 marks
(c) Mention the space relationship of India with neighbouring countries. (In about 150 words) 10 marks
(d) Define agricultural intensity and bring out its regional distribution in India. (In about 750 words) 10 marks

2.(a) Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall and temperature in the delimitation of climatic regions of India especially with reference to Stamp's climatic regionalization. (In about 250 words) 20 marks
(b) Describe the flood-prone areas and their management problems in the Ganga Plains. (In about 200 words) 15 marks
(c) Explain the New Industrial Policies in India. (In about 200 words) 15 marks

3.(a) Identify the important biotic resource regions of India and highlight their problems. (In about 250 words) 20 marks
(b) Point out the ethnic disparities in the N-E India. (In about 200 words) 15 marks
(c) Give an account of the development of renewable resources of India. (In about 200 words) 15 marks

4.(a) Bring out the development of river water transport in India and its role in regional development. (In about 250 words) 20 marks
(b) Explain the impact of economic development on environmental degradation in India. (In about 200 words) 15 marks
(c) Describe the distribution of black soils in India and their specific use for agriculture. (In about 200 words) 15 marks

SECTION-B

5. For Question Nos. 5(a) to 5(e), write on each in about 150 words: 5x10=50 marks

(a) Discuss the factors influencing the distribution of sex ratio in India. 10 marks
(b) "The Bokaro Iron and Steel Plant is an example of Industrial Complex." Explain. 10 marks
(c) How do slums develop? Give concrete suggestions for their improvement. 10 marks
(d) Explain the role of India in the geo-politics of South Asia. 10 marks
(e) Analyze the pattern of India's trade with the S-E Asian countries. 10 marks

6.(a) Present a comparative analysis of geographical factors responsible for distribution of human settlements in Rajasthan desert and North-Eastern regions of India. (In about 250 words) 20 marks
(b) Explain with suitable examples the role of road transport in agricultural development in India. (In about 200 words) 15 marks
(c) Evaluate the impact of technology on resource utilization in India. (In about 200 words) 15 marks

7.(a) Analyze the location, distributional pattern and problems of cotton textile industries in India. (In about 250 words) 20 marks
(b) Describe the major tribal regions of India and their problems. (In about 200 words) 15 marks
(c) Examine the causes of regional disparities in economic development in India. (In about 200 words) 15 marks

8.(a) Describe the causes and effects of urbanization in India and explain its impact on rural landscape and urban ecology. (In about 250 words) 20 marks
(b) "India has paid heavily for achievement of Green Revolution in the form of economic, social and ecological cost." Discuss. (In about 200 words) 15 marks
(c) Explain the origin, dimension and implications of Sino-Indian border dispute. (In about 200 words) 15 marks

 

UPSC Mains 2015: Geography

Paper- I

Section ‘A’

1. Answer the following in about 150 words each :
(a) Attempt a classification of geomorphic processes from the zonal point of view.
(b) Discuss; as to how frontogenesis contributes to weather instability
(c) Describe the characteristics of different types of pelagic deposits.
(d) Explain the characteristics of ecological succession.
(e) Comment on the impact of environmental education on quality of life.

2. (a) Discuss the contributions of the American School of Subaerial Denudation in geomorphology.
(b) What is Potential Evapotranspiration ? Explain how it is used in assessing the water balance in an area.
(c) Eliscuss the methods of conserving biodiversity for sustainable development.

3. (a) Discuss the basis of Koppen’s climatic classification. Bring out the salient characteristics of ‘Cs’ type of climate.
(b) Explain with examples as to how channel dynamics has been responsible for the development of alluvial fans and cones.
(c) Classify soils based on their zonal distribution and describe the characteristics of pedocals.

4. (a) Explain the different stages of ecological adaptation of man and bring out the changing balance between man and environment.
(b) “Present-day landforms bear more complexity than simplicity.” Elucidate.
(c) Explain the meridional circulation of the atmosphere and its importance in world climate.

Section ‘B’

5. Answer the following in about 150 words each :
(a) “The welfare face of geography makes it an inter-disciplinary subject.” Elaborate
(b) “Energy mix is a step towards sustainability.” Discuss.
(c) Discuss Nelson’s method of functional classification of towns.
(d) “Marx’s view on population is more humanistic.” Comment.
(e) “development planning has a component of environmental cost.” Discuss.

6. (a) “Regional synthesis is the crux of geographical studies.” Elaborate.
(b) “Man-induced famines are becoming more common than nature-induced ones.” Comment.
(c) Critically examine the theories on population migration.

7. (a) Discuss the relevance of Von Thunen’s model on agricultural location in the contemporary context,
(b) “Cultural regions are the most suited units to study the diversity of an area.” Comment.
(c) Discuss the approaches to the study of behavioural geography.

8. (a) “There is a rejuvenation of environmentalism as a paradigm in geographical studies.” Comment.
(b) “Geographical traits lead to regional imbalances.” Examine.
(c) ‘“Vital statistics are necessary ingredients for development planning.” Elaborate.

 

Paper- II

Section A

1. On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the locations of all the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/ commercial/ economic/ ecological/ environmental/ cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entity:
(i) Tharangambadi
(ii) Namcha Barwa
(iii) Narcodam
(iv) Khajjiar
(v) Chunchanakatte
(b) Why does the pharmaceutical industry concentrate largely in the western region of the country? (In about 150 words)
(c) Explain the pattern of winter rainfall in India. (In about 150 words)
(d) Discuss the relationship of watershed approach to village level planning. (In about 150 words)
(e) How does natural vegetation affect the formation of in situ soils? (In about 150 words)

2. (a) How does natural vegetation affect the formation of in situ soils? (In about 150 words)
(b) Why is the traditional crafts industry in India on the decline?
(c) Explain how modernization of Indian agriculture is affected by unfavourable institutional factors with suitable examples.

3. (a) Distinguish between ‘agricultural productivity’ and ‘agricultural efficiency’, and bring out the disparity in regional distribution of agricultural efficiency.
(b) With the help of a map, indicate the principal areas of dryland farming in the countiy and account for farmers’ suicides mainly in those areas.
(c) Evaluate the contribution of Communication and Information Technology to the development of economy and society, and examine the relevance of the recently launched ‘Digital India’ programme.

4. (a) Account for the growing frequency and intensity of floods in India, and suggest short- and long-term remedial measures indicating the chronically flood-prone areas.
(b) How does climate change affect the process of desertification of India?
(c) Discuss the scope of replication of ‘White Revolution1 in India.

Section B

5. (a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the locations of all the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical / commercial / economic/ecological/environmental / cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry :
(i) Nokrek
(ii) Gorakhnath Peak
(iii) Indrakiladri Peak
(iv) Polavaram
(v) Anaimudi
(b) “Age-sex pyramid is representative of the history of a region.” Explain. (In about 150 words)
(c) “Mono-functional towns are economically vulnerable.” Discuss. (In about 150 words)
(d) Explain how change in land use can promote eco-development at different levels in the country. (In about 150 words)
(e) Discuss the social and spatial ramifications of increasing longevity. (In about 150 words)

6. (a) Decentralized planning through the strengthening of the Panchayat system is the focus of planning in India in recent times. Suggest a blueprint for an integrated regional development plan.
(b) In population planning, the thrust of the Government has been ‘planning the population’ not ‘plan for the population’. Elaborate.
(c) Is planning for a cluster of villages a viable option, when planning for backward areas of the country? Discuss with suitable examples.

7. (a) Reduction in regional disparities has been one of the priority goals of national planning in India. How the proposed new Smart urban centres may contribute to the process?
(b) How has India’s ‘Look East’ policy taken shape in the past two decades and how it may affect India’s external trade?
(c) Indian island territories are vulnerable to the sea level rise. Explain.

8. (a) Discuss the concept of multi-level planning as practised in India, and explain the implications of 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in this respect.
(b) Give a reasoned account of river water disputes related to the River Krishna.
(c) Outline the Government of India’s strategies of conservation of the Western Ghats.

 

UPSC Mains 2014: Geography

Paper- I

Section ‘A’

1. Answer the following in about 150 words each:

a. Define the term ‘meander’ and describe the basic characteristics of entrenched meander and ingrown meander.
b. Discuss the salient features of ‘sirocco’ and ‘mistral’
c. Give an account of the nature of biosphere as an ecosystem
d. Sate the uniqueness of the Eurasian Steppe Biome.

2. A. State the concept of plate tectonics. How does it help in explaining the formation of the Himalays and Appalachian Mountains?
b. Describe the origin and development of thunderstorms with examples.
c. Enumerate the major causes of increasing degradation of environment in hills and hill slopes, and state its down-valley impact.

3. a. Discuss the nature and origin of Indian monsoon and recent techniques of its prediction.
b. State the concept of erosion surfaces and highlight the factors responsible for their development.
c. Give a critical account of reasons and consequences of marine pollution.

4. a. Explain weathering and mass wasting, and describe their geomorphic significance.
b. Define zoogeographic region. Also describe the basic faunal makeup of the Neo-Arctic zoogeographic region.
c. Give an account of recent observations on coral bleaching with reference to Clive Wilkinson’s Report.

Section – B

5. Answer the following in about 150 words each:
a. Elaborate the concept of mental map.
b. Give an account of food security issues in developing countries.
c. Discuss the factors responsible for counter-urbanization.
d. Explain the relevance of bottom-up and top-down approaches in the development of agrarian economy.
e. Critically analyses application of models in Geography.

6. a. Explain the necessary conditions of takeoff and subsequent stage of development of a nation as propounded by Rostow.
b. Discuss environmental and economic problems associated with coal production.
c. Discuss the contribution of geographers in the development of radical geography.

7. a. Giving suitable examples, describe the importance of system analysis in geographical studies.
b. “Rural sustainability is necessary for urban sustainability.” Discuss the statement in the backdrop of integrated development approach.
c. “Indo-Gangetic hearth is considered to be one of the world’s richest cultural realms.” Examine.

8. a. Explain the qualitative and quantitative methods of delineation of the sphere of urban influence.
b. “World is passing through a global resource dilemma.” Comment
c. “Food productivity with purity of ecosystem is the need of the hour.” Elaborate.

Paper- II

Section A

1. A. On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in you QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/ environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry:
(i) Guru
(ii) Bhor Ghat
(iii) Shravanabelagola
(iv) Kalibangan
(v) Ganga Sagar.
(b) Explain how eco-tourism activities could be important livelihood options in the Himalayan and North-Eastern regions of the country.
(c) How is drainage pattern determined by the water divide?
(d) Location of thermal power plants and coal fields in India are not mutually conducive. Analyse.
(e) Why has agro and social forestry has failed to achieve its objectives?

2. (a) Bring out the distribution of Laterite soils in India and their specific use for agriculture.
(b) Suggest the measures of wild-life conservation with reference to extinction of rare species.
(c) Describe the problems of agro-based industries in India in general and cotton textiles in particular.

3. (a) Highlight the socio-economic and ecological roles of River Cauvery in its reverie tract.
(b) Discuss the problems and prospects of National Waterway No. 1.
(c) Explain the concept of ‘Make in India’ and indicate the essential inputs for its success.

4. (a) Describe the salient climatologically characteristics of Rayalaseema region.
(b) ‘In spite of various negative impacts of Green Revolution, there is a demand for New Green Revolution’. Elaborate.
(c) What are the desired possible change in our trade policy to promote the development of cottage industry?

Section B

5. (a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/commercial/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more for each entry:
(i) Mundra Port
(ii) Chandipur
(iii) Mahendragiri
(iv) Hazira
(v) Vembanad Lake
(b) Highlight the implications of declining child sex ration in India.
(c) Analyse the feasibility of ‘Smart Towns’ Development in India.
(d) Comment on the criteria of identifying Drought Prone Areas in India.
(e) Bring out the role of terrain in determining India’s political influence over neighboring countries

6. (a) Discuss the trends in emigration focusing on its marjor thrust
(b) Account for the multiple problems of urban agglomerations.
(c) Evaluate the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme.

7. (a) How can a meaningful skill development progamme contribute to the economic growth of hill areas?
(b) Differentiate between the ‘intensity’ and ‘magnitude’ of an earthquake and explain its varying impact in different parts of India.
(c) Discuss the implications of India’s strategic location with reference to the Indian Ocean.

8. (a) India is involved in a number of border disputes. Explain the reasons and remedies.
(b) Discuss the concept of Command Area Development and evaluate its success with reference to Indira Gandhi Canal.
(c) How has an inappropriate urban land use policy accounted for undesirable development in and around metropolitan cities?