UPSC Mains Exam - Psychology

 

CS (MAIN) EXAM: 2019 Psychology

Marks: 250             Time Allowed: Three Hours

(Paper 1)

Section-A

1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :10x5=50 marks

(a) The edifice of behaviourism was built on the loopholes of the teleological approach in psychoanalysis. Evaluate.mo 10 marks
(b) “Diagnostic and prognostic researches are complementary to each other." Explain with suitable examples. 10 marks
(c) Explain the role of hypothesis in psychological researches with suitable examples.10 marks
(d) How do we see the objects in three dimensions? Discuss the factors influencing the same. 10 marks
(e) In what ways is deviation IQ different from traditional IQ? Discuss. 10 marks

2. (a) "Multistore model of memory best explains the nature of memory." Evaluate the statement in theoretical perspective and empirical evidences. 20 marks
(b) What is the significance of attachment to parents in social and emotional well-being of a child? Illustrate from the perspective of developmental theories. 15 marks
(c) How do environmental factors determine the sensation of hunger? Illustrate with examples. 15 marks

3. (a) Differentiate between experimental and quasi-experimental designs. Evaluate the applications of quasi-experimental designs in psychological researches. 20 marks
(b) Explain how divergent thinking is different from convergent thinking. Discuss the methods to foster divergent thinking in children.'15 marks
(c) What is achievement motivation? Discuss the projective technique as a method for assessing achievement motivation. 15 marks

4. (a) Discuss the effects of stimulus-deprivation on human behaviour with empirical evidences. 20 marks
(b) How is NEO Five-Factor Theory different from 16 Personality Factors Theory? Explain. 15 marks
(c) Illustrate that values can best be fostered during childhood. Discuss different methods for fostering moral and ethical values among school-going children.15 marks

 

Section-B

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: 10x5=50 marks

(a) Evaluate the critical period' hypothesis in language acquisition. 10 marks
(b) “Discrimination and generalization are two complementary processes in skill learning.” Discuss with reference to operant conditioning.10 marks
(c) "Stereotypes can lead to the development of prejudice and discrimination." Explain citing examples from Indian context.10 marks
(d) How did structuralism contribute to the development of psychology as a discipline? Evaluate. 10 marks
(e) Why do most people experience geometrical illusions? Explain from the psychological perspective. 10 marks

6. (a) How is Gardner's theory of intelligence distinct from Spearman's theory? Illustrate.20 marks
(b) Citing examples from life situations, explain the phenomenon of perceptual organization.15 marks
(c) What is vicarious learning? Discuss its applications in acquisition of emotional responses.15 marks

7. (a) Define 'concept'. Illustrate different types of concepts and processes involved in the formulation of the same.20 marks
(b) How can language be analyzed for its similarities across cultures? Explain with scientific evidences. 15 marks
(c) Two-way ANOVA is not merely an addition of two one-way ANOVAs. Describe and evaluate with examples. 15 marks

8. (a) Citing research evidences, bring out the role of cultural factors in socialization.20 marks
(b)  Is amnesia merely a phenomenon of retrieval failure? Discuss in the light of empirical evidences. 15 marks
(c) Critically evaluate the uses of paper-pencil tests in personality assessment. 15 marks

 

 

CS (MAIN) EXAM: 2019 Psychology (Paper 2)

Marks: 250     Time Allowed: Three Hours

Section-A

1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: 10x5=50 marks

(a) Even though validity often requires reliability, the reverse is not true. Explain.10 marks
(b) "If you accept that studying does not come naturally, then it is apparent that one should need to set-up an organized schedule to promote adequate study." Comment on this statement and highlight the important steps.10 marks
(c) Describe factors that may positively or negatively affect academic performance. 10 marks
(d) Discuss why and how news coverage in the media affects us.10 marks
(e) What is successful aging ? What are the components of successful aging? 10 marks

2. (a) Explain why group membership can have a powerful influence on social behaviours and decisions.20 marks
(b) Given the rapid changes that are taking place in the Media, specially the internet and smartphones, discuss the psychological impact of these on adolescents. 15 marks
(c) Why no single form of therapy works best for every problem? How an eclectic approach is an answer to it? 15 marks

3. (a) What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination ? Discuss the newer forms of prejudice that we see today. 20 marks
(b) How would cognitive therapy explain the cause for clinical depression of a client and what would be the therapeutic approach followed for the treatment? 15 marks
(c) In the light of research, discuss the ways in which social conflicts can be resolved. 15 marks

4. (a) How can one make a decision of using exploratory factor analysis or confirmatory factor analysis or an integrated approach while constructing a psychological test ? 20 marks
(b) Why is Narcissistic personality disorder considered as a personality disorder? What are the obstacles faced by the clinicians to treat these types of clients? 15 marks
(c) How can substance abuse be explained through different psychological approaches? How can rehabilitation process help the people indulging in substance abuse? 15 marks

 

Section-B

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: 10x5=50 marks

(a) “Psychological tests are important in personnel selection." Give reason to it and describe which psychological tests are generally used. 10 marks
(b) How can one differentiate between learning and training? Discuss any two executive training methods giving suitable examples. 10 marks
(c) Discuss the relationship of achievement motivation to entrepreneurial behaviour, citing relevant research.10 marks
(d) How can community play an important role in providing safety to women? Discuss. 10 marks
(e) How can group cohesion method be a strong psychological intervention in enhancing the team performance? 10 marks

6. (a) Discuss socio-emotional factors affecting achievement motivation among students from disadvantage groups.15 marks
(b) Why is psychological wellbeing considered as an essential factor of health? What are the different ways it can be enhanced? 15 marks
(c) Critically examine Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation and point out that in what way Herzberg's theory is different from Maslowian theory? 20 marks

7. (a) Point out the general psychological consequences of social and economic disadvantaged groups. 15 marks
(b) Explain the influence of media towards antisocial behaviour through different learning theories.15 marks
(c) There is a strong need for a wellbeing curriculum for children in schools. You are asked to develop such a curriculum. What would be the focus and essential components of such a curriculum? 20 marks

8. (a) “Why is social change necessary ? Discuss the effective strategies to bring about social change for community development. 15 marks
(b) "Population explosion and high population density have negative psychological consequences.” Explain this statement especially stressing light on negative psychological consequences. 15 marks
(c) “Rapid scientific and technological growths are responsible for degradation of environment, although, scientific and technological developments are necessary for National development." Discuss the above assertion and point out the mechanisms for controlling the environmental degradation. 20 marks

 

 

CS (MAIN) EXAM: 2018 Psychology (Paper 1)

Marks: 250   Time Allowed: Three Hours

Section-A

1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: 10x5=50 marks

(a) Discuss how psychology can be applied in solving the problem of global climate change.
(b) "Human memory is not like information stored in a tape recorder or compact disc." Critically evaluate the statement.
(c) According to Piaget, the egocentric preschooler is not intentionally 'inconsiderate' but rather has difficulty taking another's viewpoint. Explain.
(d) Explain and critically evaluate the phenomenon of perceptual defence.
(e) Examine how probability learning is different from other types of learning Give examples.

2. (a) Perception is plastic. However, it may also be affected by innate tendencies. Critically evaluate. 20 marks
(b) How have neuroscientists and evolutionary scientists contributed to modern psychology? 15 marks
(c) Demonstrate the importance of the shallow and deep levels of processing in remembering. With the help of daily life examples, explain how retrieval cucs enable us to remember. 15 marks

3. (a) Why is the principle of random assignment of participants used in experimental method? How do experimenter effects and demand characteristics influence participants' behaviour in experimentation? What procedures can be adopted to minimize such pitfalls? 20 marks
(b) Differentiate between positive and negative types of reinforcement and punishment. Describe how these could be applied to enforce putting on the seat belts while driving.15 marks
(c) Differentiate between various developmental tasks of young men and women in India. 15 marks

4. (a) What are the assumptions underlying ANOVA? Discuss the conditions when two-way ANOVA is applied and how the results are interpreted with a hypothetical example. 20 marks
(b) Discuss signal detection theory and explain its applications. 15 marks
(c) How can different methods of sampling and data collection be useful in impact evaluation of government social schemes? Describe with a suitable example. 15 marks

Section-B

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: 10x5=50 marks

(a) Explain the use of availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic in problem solving with the help of research studies.
(b) Do you think being in a good mood reduces your capacity to process incoming information? Examine in the light of research studies.
(c) According to Bandura, human beings often demonstrate impressive capacity for the self-regulation of their own behaviour. Evaluate.
(d) In what way can dissonance be an effective means for changing attitudes and behaviour
(e) Explain various limitations of verbal communication.

6. (a) Compare the trait perspective and humanistic perspective on personality. 20 marks
(b) "Creativity refers to novel ideas that address some problems in a useful way." Critically examine the statement and discuss how creative insight can be explained. 15 marks
(c) Is sleep a passive process? Justify your answer with proper scientific support. 15 marks

7. (a) Describe the structure and features of language focussing on what makes human language unique in comparison to communication in animals. 20 marks
(b) Discuss contemporary researches on simulating human intelligence using machines and their implications for understanding human behaviour, 15 marks
(c) Discuss the significance and correlates of values. Comment on the impact of social media on values. 15 marks

8. (a) Describe how J. P. Das' theory is distinct from other theories of intelligence. 20 marks
(b) Explain the concepts of self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error. How do they affect problem solving? 15 marks
(c) Are emotionally competent people internally controlled? Explain. What are the ways to enhance intrinsic motivation of young adults? 15 marks

 

 

CS (MAIN) EXAM: 2018 Psychology (Paper 2)

Marks: 250            Time Allowed: Three Hours

Section-A

1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: 10x5=50 marks

1. (a) Bring out the similarities and differences between intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests. 10 marks
1. (b) How does stress contribute to the causation of physical illness? Discuss the role of optimism as factor moderating the impact of stress.10 marks
1.(c) In the context of positive social change differentiate between first-order and second-order change. Why is the second-order change often the focus of community psychology? 10 marks
1.(d) What role do cultural factors play in rehabilitation of senior citizens with possible memory and cognitive decline ? Comment on the significance of family and social support in such rehabilitation in India. 10 marks
1. (e) In what specific ways can psychologists work for empowering the communities that have been marginalized by the society? 10 marks

2. (a)Discuss the efficacy of systematic desensitization in reducing clients' phobic reactions. Illustrate your answer with suitable example 15 marks
2. (b) Explain the ctiology of manic-depressive disorder. Evaluate the suitability of therapeutic methods for the treatment of manic-depressive disorder. 15 marks
2. (c) Discuss the different steps in the construction and standardization of psychological tests. Illustrate your answer with suitable example. 20 marks

3. (a) How is giftedness identified and what are the issues in such identification in Indian context ? How is giftedness related to IQ and creativity? 15 marks
3. (b) Discuss the distinctive aspects of modern psychodynamic therapy. How can it be helpful in the treatment of diverse array of disorders? 15 marks
3. (c) Can effective teaching-learning be viewed as a process of collaborative construction of knowledge? What are the implications of such a view on classroom structure and management in Indian conditions? 20 marks

4. (a) Explain the nature of sensitivity training. Comment on its utility as an organizational development technique.15 marks
4. (b) Discuss the role of social and environmental intervention in rehabilitation of the mentally challenged. Why are such interventions crucial in Indian settings? 15 marks
4. (c) Explain Herzberg's theory of work-motivation. Critically comment on its relevance in Indian context.. 20 marks

Section-B

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: 10x5=50 marks

5. (a) Explain, using psychological framework, the impact of IT and mass media on the work-life in India. 10 marks
5. (b) What psychological factors act as barriers in the context of women's entrepreneurship? How can they be overcome? 10 marks
5. (c) Discuss the most commonly used techniques or skills psychologists teach to athletes for improving their performance. 10 marks
5. (d) Explain the psychosocial factors demotivating people from small family norms. 10 marks
5. (e) With some examples show how can indigenous knowledge systems be used in management of biodiversity and cultural diversity? 10 marks

6. (a) How is disadvantage related to a social structure of hierarchy and discrimination ? What is its relationship with capability deprivation and poverty? 15 marks
6. (b) Discuss the relevance of frustration - aggression hypothesis in the context of caste prejudice in India. 15 marks
6. (c) Discuss some major factors of educational failure among tribal communities in India. Why must education of the disadvantaged emphasise development of self efficacy and intrinsic motivation? 20 marks

7. (a) Explain how mass media contribute to acquisition and learning of aggressive and violent behaviour. Examine the relationship between exposure to erotica and aggressiveness. 15 marks
7. (b) Explain the psychosocial consequences of crowding and high population density. Suggest appropriate policies to deal with the related problems in Indian context. 15 marks
7. (c) Critically describe the role of cultural assimilation in facilitating/hindering social integration in India. Illustrate with suitable example. 20 marks

8.(a) Discuss the relationship between sex-role stereotyping, self-fulfilling prophesy and glass ceiling effect in Indian society: 15 marks
8.(b) What role can psychologist play in promoting psychological well being of defence personnel in the context of prolonged deprivational and stressful condition? 15 marks
8. (c) Explain the interrelationship among achievement motivation, entrepreneurial behaviour and economic development. Discuss critically as to whether achievement motivation can be enhanced through training. Cite relevant Indian studies. 20 marks

 

 

 

 

UPSC IAS Mains Exam PSYCHOLOGY Paper - 2017

Paper - 1

Time Allowed: Three Hours      Maximum Marks: 250

 

QUESTION PAPER SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS

(Please read each of the following instructions carefully before attempting questions)

There are EIGHT questions divided in two Sections and printed both in HINDI and in ENGLISH.

Candidate has to attempt FIVE questions in all.

Question Nos. 1 and 5 are compulsory and out of the remaining, THREE are to be attempted choosing at least ONE question from each Section.

The number of marks carried by each question/part is indicated against it.

Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the Admission Certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this Question-cum-Answer (QCA) Booklet in the space provided. No marks will be given for answers written in a medium other than the authorized one.

Assume suitable data, if considered necessary, and indicate the same clearly.

Unless and otherwise indicated, symbols and notations carry their usual standard meanings.

Attempts of questions shall be counted in sequential order. Unless struck off, attempt of a question shall be counted even if attempted partly. Any page or portion of the page left blank in the Question-cum-Answer Booklet must be clearly struck off.

Section-A

Q1. Answer each the following questions in about 150 words:

(a) Describe how you used psychology to solve a social problem.
(b) Distinguish between negative reinforcement and punishment. Do you think punishment is an effective way to modify behaviour?
(c) In a study, the number of students intake in a college correlated very highly with violence. Explain the research finding.
(d) Do you think subliminal messages can actually lead to significant changes in attitudes or behaviour? Cite research evidence.
(e) Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour. Evaluate.

Q2. (a) Why do we forget? Differentiate between anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
(b) How can you use 'Focus Group Discussion' to promote use of toilets in rural areas?
(c) How would you apply Operant Conditioning technique for toilet training to a 3-year-old boy?

Q3. (a) Whatever we are, it is because of Genes. Discuss.
(b) Which research design would you apply to prove that a particular method of teaching yields best results? Describe.
(c) How are we able to perceive the world in three dimensions when our eyes are capable of sensing only two-dimensional images?

Q4. (a) Evaluate "interview" as a method of data collection.
(b) Explain the role of meaningfulness and emotional arousal in encoding. Discuss the implications of encoding specificity principle.
(c) Explain the differences in information processing at various levels of memory. In what way is recall affected by initial processing of information?

Section-B

Q5. Answer each of the following questions in about 150 words:

(a) Creative people usually have high IQ scores but those with highest IQ scores are not necessarily the most creative people. Explain.
(b) Critically evaluate Noam Chomsky's theory of transformational grammar.
(c) Drug-addiction is just a maladaptive behaviour. Like other behaviour, it can be easily changed. Discuss.
(d) What is paradoxical in REM sleep? How active is a person during different stages of sleep?
(e) Explain different types of reasoning processes used in problem solving with their strengths and limitations.

Q6. (a) According to Gardner's theory, there is no one kind of general intelligence for ranking individuals. Explain.
(b) A young person helped a visually impaired woman to cross the road. He explained his action saying that he has positive attitude towards such persons. Did his attitude determine his behaviour or the behaviour determines his attitude? Explain.
(c) Explain the importance of Critical Periods in language development. In what ways are bilingualism and cognitive development related?

Q7. (a) Which needs should one be high on to be a successful entrepreneur? Explain on the basis of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
(b) Can we do justice to measuring personality by projective and objective tests? Discuss.
(c) Why do some people behave aggressively towards those who defy social norms ? How can such aggressive behaviours be changed?

Q8. (a) Can we determine a person's academic performance based only on IQ score? Explain.
(b) How do we explain self-defeating behaviour of a person from the Humanistic perspective?
(c) People emphasize the personal traits more than the situational factors. Evaluate the statement.

 

 

PSYCHOLOGY
Paper - 2

Time Allowed: Three Hours     Maximum Marks: 250

 

QUESTION PAPER SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS

(Please read each of the following instructions carefully before attempting questions)

There are EIGHT questions divided in two Sections and printed both in HINDI and in ENGLISH.

Candidate has to attempt FIVE questions in all.

Question Nos. 1 and 5 are compulsory and out of the remaining, THREE are to be attempted choosing at least ONE question from each Section.

The number of marks carried by each question/part is indicated against it.

Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the Admission Certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this Question-cum-Answer (QCA) Booklet in the space provided. No marks will be given for answers written in a medium other than the authorized one.

Assume suitable data, if considered necessary, and indicate the same clearly.

Unless and otherwise indicated, symbols and notations carry their usual standard meanings.

Attempts of questions shall be counted in sequential order. Unless struck off, attempt of a question shall be counted even if attempted partly. Any page or portion of the page left blank in the Question-cum-Answer Booklet must be clearly struck off.

Section-A

Q1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

(a) Critically evaluate the role of self-report personality inventories in personnel selection.
(b) Explain how the concept of individual differences emerged and state its importance for vocational guidance.
(c) Explain the concept of incongruence in person-centred therapy.
(d) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of group decision-making over decisions made by individuals.
(e) Explain psychopathic personality and state how it is related to deviant behaviour.

Q2. (a) Distinguish between content and process theories of work motivation. Comment on the applicability of Maslow's theory of work motivation in the Indian context.
(b) Discuss the importance and requirements of orthogenic schools in the context of pre-delinquent adolescents.
(c) Explain reciprocal inhibition in behaviour therapy and point out its theoretical basis.

Q3. (a) Elaborate the process of spotting and nurturing gifted children in the Indian context.
(b) Explain the behavioural cognitive therapy by Ellis with the steps involved in it.
(c) What is the role of item validation in psychometric scaling? Briefly describe the steps involved.

Q4. (a) In the light of various theories of leadership, what kind of leaders will be effective in bringing about social change?
(b) Explain how hallucinations and delusional contents differ in paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenia.
(c) What is the role of the community in handling social problems? Prepare a plan for involving the community to handle crime against women.

Section-B

Q5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

(a) Discuss the challenges and opportunities offered by multiculturalism and diversity in today's organizations.
(b) Explain the effects of short-term and chronic exposure to noise on the performance on cognitive tasks.
(c) What are the psychological consequences of the fast development in information technology on adolescents?
(d) Explain how cohesiveness can be promoted in sport teams by using psychological principles.
(e) A large number of people all over the world are forced to leave their homeland because of violence. What are the psychological problems faced by such victims of violence? Discuss a plan for their rehabilitation.

Q6. (a) What is relative deprivation? Explain its consequences on adolescent behaviour in the current Indian scenario.
(b) Which psychological and cultural factors will facilitate the success of 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao' programme? How can this programme be promoted through information technology and mass media?
(c) What do you understand by intergroup attitudes? Why are such attitudes considered to be a social phenomenon?

Q7. (a) Discuss how social integration can be promoted in India in the light of intergroup contact hypothesis and crossed categorization research.
(b) What is man-machine system? In this context, explain the applications of human engineering in designing the display systems of the aircrafts.
(c) Explain the characteristics of entrepreneurial behaviour. Discuss critically as to how entrepreneurial behaviour can be cultivated through training. Cite evidence in the Indian context.

Q8. (a) Explain the effects of rapid scientific and technological growth on environmental degradation. Discuss the role of psychologists in reducing environmental degradation.
(b) Explain the role of mass media in value development. How can the mass media and information technology be used for promoting pro-social values?
(c) Explain the psychological, socio-cultural and economic consequences of belonging to a disadvantaged group. Suggest the steps to educate and motivate disadvantaged groups towards development.

 

UPSC Mains Optional Psychology Exam Paper - 2016

Paper 1

Section-A

1. Answer each of the following questions in about 150 words: 10x5=50 marks

(a) Explain how the fundamental understanding of psychology is helpful in the resolution of societal problems. 10 marks
(b) How can confounding variables invalidate the apparent results of an experiment? 10 mark
(c) "Cognitive psychologists often use computer as an analogy to explain the relation between cognition and brain." Discuss. 10 marks
(d) Identify the most important changes that occur during adolescence. 10 marks
(e) What do you understand by amnesia? Illustrate the types of amnesia with reference to the case of "H.M.'s brain operation". | 10 marks

2. (a) Discuss, with suitable examples, the key characteristics of within-group and between-groups designs. 15 marks
(b) Describe the processing of sensory input and explain how it is selected, organized and interpreted. 15 marks
(c) Show your acquaintance with the cognitive approach to classical conditioning and describe how classical conditioning principles can be used to solve everyday problems. 20 marks

3. (a) Give a critical appraisal of interference theory of forgetting and show how the process of retrieval inhibition influences forgetting. 20 marks
(b) Describe the phenomenon of subliminal perception and explain it with reference to the concepts of backward marking and visual priming. Do you think that the effect of the phenomenon of subliminal perception can be generalized? 15 marks
(c) Critically evaluate Erikson's stages of Psychosocial development. 15 marks

4. (a) Describe the parenting styles that are used in raising a normal child. 15 marks
(b) How far do you agree with the contention that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity ? Also describe the types of reinforcement. 15 marks
(c) Explain the phenomena of implicit and explicit memories. Also critically evaluate Tulving's model of long-term memory. 15 marks

Section B

5. Answer each of the following questions in about 150 words: 10x5=50 marks

(a) Describe the characteristics of Gardner's theory of intelligence. 10 marks
(b) Explain different types of psycho-active drugs and patterns of their use.  10 marks
(c) Discuss cognitive dissonance theory of attitude change. 10 marks
(d) Explain the contribution of Salovey and Mayer with regard to the concept of emotional intelligence. 10 marks
(e) What is meant by attribution ? Describe, citing examples, the phenomenon of attributional augmentation, 10 marks

6. (a) Explain the components of attitude and examine the methods of attitude formation. 15 marks
(b) Distinguish between mundane and exceptional creativities and citing suitable research evidences, describe the confluence approach to creativity. 20 marks
(c) Are projective tests really projective in nature? Describe Rorschach and TAT tests and comment on their reliabilities. 15 marks

7. (a) Critically examine the metacognitive processes in problem solving. How do functional fixedness and mental set interfere in solving the problems effectively? 15 marks
(b) Explain motivational concepts with reference to homeostatic models. 15 marks
(c) Describe the physiological changes that are accompanied by shifts in consciousness in the process of sleep. Also discuss major sleep disorders. 20 marks

8. (a) Give a comparative account of information processing models of intelligence proposed by Sternberg and J.P. Das.  20 marks
(b) Discuss the Indian approach to personality as evident in tri-gunas.  15 marks
(c) Discuss the components of language acquisition citing the average age at which these are demonstrated by a child. 15 marks

 

Psychology Paper 2

Section-A

1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: 10x5=50 marks

(a) In what ways psychological tests are useful in assessing individual differences? Answer with examples. 10 marks
(b) How can psychological well-being of service professionals be promoted ? Discuss. 10 marks
(c) Is Herzberg's theory relevant for understanding work motivation in Indian organizations? Explain. 10 marks
(d) Examine some important psychological principles underlying effective teaching learning process. 10 marks
(e) Discuss the usefulness of small groups in community interventions for social development. 10 marks

2. (a) Examine the role of situational factors in criminal behaviour. 15 marks
(b) Analyze the factors determining the efficacy of psychological tests. Discuss the limitations in the use of psychological tests. 15 marks
(c) Discuss how the process of group decision making can be used effectively in bringing about social change.  20 marks

3. (a) Evaluate the role of social agencies in rehabilitation of mentally and socially challenged persons. 15 marks
(b) How is competency mapping made use of for human resource development in modern organizations ? Illustrator. 15 marks
(c) Discuss the salient features of psychodynamic therapies and evaluate their role in the prevention of mental illnesses. 20 marks

4. (a) Critically evaluate whether the principles of participatory management are equally effective in bureaucratic organizations as in industrial organizations. 15 marks
(b) How do lifestyle variables influence quality of life of an individual in different life domains ? 15 marks
(c) What psychological factors will explain lack of social integration involving religious groups in India ? Discuss. 20 marks

Section 'B'

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10x5=50 marks

(a) Discuss the efficacy of behaviour therapies in the prevention of mental illnesses. 10 marks
(b) What biological factors explain mental disorders ? Discuss.  10 marks
(c) Illustrate the signiticance of value education in schools and comment on its relevance for personality development of children. 10 marks
(d) Discuss the role of psychologists in organizing tertiary level rehabilitation programmes.  10 marks
(e) What role can media play in the promotion of small family norm in the Indian culture ? 10 marks

6. (a) Does need for affiliation come in the way of economic development of the tribal people ? Discuss. 15  marks
(b) Evaluate the psychological consequences of social media in interpersonal relationships 15  marks
(c) What role can psychologists play in the development and implementation of the "Skill India' scheme of the Government of India ? 20 marks

7. (a) How can psychological theories be put to use to inoculate people against their impulsive buying behaviour ? 15 marks
(b) Discuss the role of cognitive and behaviour therapies in improving the performance of sports persons. 15 marks
(c) Analyze the impact of crowding on mental health. Discuss the psychological measures that can be adopted to reduce the stress resulting from crowding. 20 marks

8. (a)  What factors account for gender differences in India? Suggest some psychological measures to reduce gender differences. 15 marks
(b) How can human engineering be put to use in devising instruments that are used by the defence personnel posted in the border areas? Discuss.  15 marks
(c) Discuss the process of prejudice formation. State the psychological strategies that can be adopted for conflict resolution. 20 marks

 

 

 

 

UPSC Mains 2015: Psychology Optional Question Paper

 (Paper -1)

Section-A

1. Answer the following questions each in about 150 words : 10x5=50 marks

(a) Why is it important to understand psychological processes for other disciplines of social science? 10 marks
(b) Discuss the role of socio-cultural factors in promotion of well-being across major stages of life-span. 10 marks
(c) How far is it correct to state that most of the problems of psychology can be addressed more adequately by adopting quasi-experimental designs? 10 marks
(d) Evaluate the notion of programmed learning and describe its relevance for modern day education with suitable examples 10 marks
(e) Bring out the disruption in retrieval processes due to anxiety, context and repression. 10 marks

2. (a) Keeping in view the strife in current social situation, discuss how a psychologist can contribute towards providing interventions for such problems. 15 marks
(b) Citing studies on amnesia show how the explicit and implicit memory systems are separate.  20 marks
(c) Demonstrate with suitable examples how the signal detection theory has helped in modifying the process of vigilance. 15 marks

3. (a) Under what kind of research conditions does the use of factor analysis become necessary ? Discuss. 20 marks
(b) How far do you agree with the contention that research findings on infant memory can present novel approaches toward analyzing adult memories? Corroborate your answer with examples. 15 marks
(c) Review Bandura’s social learning theory and evaluate its impact on understanding aggression as a result of media generated violence. 15 marks

4. (a) It is believed that non-experimental designs are more relevant for explaining the emerging issues like social evils that are seen prominently in India. Discuss. 20 marks
(b) With suitable examples, discuss the logic behind following the systematic steps in conducting psychological research. 15 marks
(c) Do the cultural settings influence the understanding and evaluation of meanings of external stimuli? Provide suitable justification for your answer.  15 marks

Section-B

5. Answer the following questions each in about 150 words: - 10x5=50 marks

(a) Discuss the brain mechanisms underlying hunger motive. 10 marks
(b) Evaluate the utility of J.P. Das’ model in understanding the concept of intelligence. 10 marks
(c) Highlight the problems in assessment of personality using the pencil-paper tests. 10 marks
(d) Illustrate with suitable examples the non-verbal process of communication. 10 marks
(e) What are the general strategies used in problem solving ? How do these differ from domain-specific procedures? 10 marks

6. (a) Distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Which one is more powerful and why? 20 marks
(b) Describe Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. Critique his theory. 15 marks
(c) Discuss briefly the evolution of factor theory of intelligence in the works of Spearman, Thurstone and Guilford. 15 marks

7. (a) Describe the trait and type approaches to personality. Highlight Jung’s typology with its weaknesses.  20 marks
(b) Why are we awake at certain times and asleep at others ? Explain this with help of opponent process model. 15 marks
(c) What is an aptitude? Describe the various tests of aptitudes. 15 marks

8. (a) “Children are not bom with stereotypes; they learn them from their family, peers, media and society.”—Discuss. 20 marks
(b) How does Chomsky’s Theory differ from that of Skinner in language development? Discuss. 15 marks
(c) State the components of Big-5 factor theory of personality. Why is it considered superior to other factor theories of personality? 15 marks

 

Psychology (Paper -2)
Section-A

1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: 10x5=50 marks

(a) What is the phenomenon of 'groupthink’? How can it influence the quality of group decision making? 10 marks
(b) How are indigenous knowledge systems related to environmental degradation? Mention some psychological processes underlying environmental attitudes and values. 10 marks
(c) Discuss some strategies for dealing with academic underachievement in Indian schools. 10 marks
(d) What role can psychologists play in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention programmes in relation to terminal illness such as coronary heart disease and cancer? 10 marks
(e) Socioeconomic and educational disadvantages have been viewed from ‘deficit* as well as ‘difference’ perspectives. Citing examples of each approach, discuss the difference between the two and their implications. 10 marks

2. (a) Does the notion of self-fulfilling prophecy relating to achievement satisfactorily explain gender differences in achievement? 15 marks
(b) Critically evaluate the relationship between economic growth and human well­ being in the light of contemporary research on happiness. 15 marks
(c) What is the relationship that has been found, between need for achievement, need for affiliation and need for power with economic development? Discuss the relevance of these findings in the context of Indian society. 20 marks

3. (a) Do you think that efficacy of personnel selection can be improved by using multiple methods? 15 marks
(b) Elucidate the learning principles underlying behaviour therapies. Examine the relative efficacy of cognitive therapy and behaviour therapy in helping students overcome social anxiety. 15 marks
(c) Why do teaching-learning processes in Indian classrooms tend to be teacher- centred? If knowledge is viewed as a constructive process, what kind of classroom would be suitable for rural Indian schools? 20 marks

4. (a) Indian soldiers defend the country in extreme and, at times, hostile physical environments. What kinds of psychological problems are they likely to experience?  15 marks
(b) What specific role can psychologists play in the management and rehabilitation of persons suffering from HIV/AIDS? 15 marks
(c) According to Social Identity Theory, social categorization and differentiation processes are implicated in intergroup conflict. Evaluate the theory against available research evidence. 20 marks

Section-B

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10x5=50 marks

(a) To what extent would you agree that human resource development is more about inculcation of human values and less about development of competencies? 10 marks
(b) Discuss the psychological mechanisms by which television viewing affects aggression and consumer behaviour in children. 10 marks
(c) How can ‘Ashtanga Yoga’ help in fostering holistic health? Support your answer with research evidence. 10 marks
(d) Substance abuse is a growing phenomenon among Indian youths. Discuss the psychological causes of and intervention measures for substance abuse. 10 marks
(e) How can psychological knowledge be put to use in changing the behaviour of children inclined to consume ‘junk food’? 10 marks

6. (a) Indian defence personnel tend to experience depression, sometimes leading to suicides. What type of psychological interventions can foster positive mental health in them? 15 marks
(b) “Glass ceiling effects in organizations are rooted in socialization and family.” Discuss with reference to the psychological bases of gender role development. 15 marks
(c) It has been found that cultural factors can be used to facilitate social change. What cultural factors can be made use of, and how, in making a success of the governmental programme called ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’? 20 marks

7. (a) Religious violence in India has shown only a marginal decline over the years. What social and psychological factors explain it the most? 15 marks
(b) How is population growth in India affected by psychological processes of attribution, beliefs and values? Discuss possible implications of these processes for population education in India. 15
(c) How will you go about constructing a test for assessing aptitude for Civil 9 Services? Discuss the details. 20 marks

8. (a) What are some important ethical principles that psychologists must adhere to while making use of psychological tests? 15 marks
(b) Psychologists have recently identified. a disorder which they term ‘internet- addiction\ What are its presenting features? How can those suffering from this addiction be helped? 15 marks
(c) Tribal children in India are disadvantaged partly because of the neglect of their language and culture in education. How can education for tribal children be reformed to deal with such disadvantage? 20 marks